Motivational support intervention to reduce smoking and increase physical activity in smokers not ready to quit: the TARS RCT
BACKGROUND: Physical activity can support smoking cessation for smokers wanting to quit, but there have been no studies on supporting smokers wanting only to reduce. More broadly, the effect of motivational support for such smokers is unclear. OBJECTIVES: The objectives were to determine if motivational support to increase physical activity and reduce smoking for smokers not wanting to immediately quit helps reduce smoking and increase abstinence and physical activity, and to determine if this intervention is cost-effective. DESIGN: This was a multicentred, two-arm, parallel-group, randomised (1 : 1) controlled superiority trial with accompanying trial-based and model-based economic evaluations, and a process evaluation. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Participants from health and other community settings in four English cities received either the intervention (n = 457) or usual support (n = 458). INTERVENTION: The intervention consisted of up to eight face-to-face or telephone behavioural support sessions to reduce smoking and increase physical activity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measures were carbon monoxide-verified 6- and 12-month floating prolonged abstinence (primary outcome), self-reported number of cigarettes smoked per day, number of quit attempts and carbon monoxide-verified abstinence at 3 and 9 months. Furthermore, self-reported (3 and 9 months) and accelerometer-recorded (3 months) physical activity data were gathered. Process items, intervention costs and cost-effectiveness were also assessed. RESULTS: The average age of the sample was 49.8 years, and participants were predominantly from areas with socioeconomic deprivation and were moderately heavy smokers. The intervention was delivered with good fidelity. Few participants achieved carbon monoxide-verified 6-month prolonged abstinence [nine (2.0%) in the intervention group and four (0.9%) in the control group; adjusted odds ratio 2.30 (95% confidence interval 0.70 to 7.56)] or 12-month prolonged abstinence [six (1.3%) in the intervention group and one (0.2%) in the control group; adjusted odds ratio 6.33 (95% confidence interval 0.76 to 53.10)]. At 3 months, the intervention participants smoked fewer cigarettes than the control participants (21.1 vs. 26.8 per day). Intervention participants were more likely to reduce cigarettes by >/= 50% by 3 months [18.9% vs. 10.5%; adjusted odds ratio 1.98 (95% confidence interval 1.35 to 2.90] and 9 months [14.4% vs. 10.0%; adjusted odds ratio 1.52 (95% confidence interval 1.01 to 2.29)], and reported more moderate-to-vigorous physical activity at 3 months [adjusted weekly mean difference of 81.61 minutes (95% confidence interval 28.75 to 134.47 minutes)], but not at 9 months. Increased physical activity did not mediate intervention effects on smoking. The intervention positively influenced most smoking and physical activity beliefs, with some intervention effects mediating changes in smoking and physical activity outcomes. The average intervention cost was estimated to be £239.18 per person, with an overall additional cost of £173.50 (95% confidence interval - £353.82 to £513.77) when considering intervention and health-care costs. The 1.1% absolute between-group difference in carbon monoxide-verified 6-month prolonged abstinence provided a small gain in lifetime quality-adjusted life-years (0.006), and a minimal saving in lifetime health-care costs (net saving £236). CONCLUSIONS: There was no evidence that behavioural support for smoking reduction and increased physical activity led to meaningful increases in prolonged abstinence among smokers with no immediate plans to quit smoking. The intervention is not cost-effective. LIMITATIONS: Prolonged abstinence rates were much lower than expected, meaning that the trial was underpowered to provide confidence that the intervention doubled prolonged abstinence. FUTURE WORK: Further research should explore the effects of the present intervention to support smokers who want to reduce prior to quitting, and/or extend the support available for prolonged reduction and abstinence. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial is registered as ISRCTN47776579. FUNDING: This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 27, No. 4. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
Citation
@article{a.h.2023,
author = {Taylor, A. H. and Thompson, T. P. and Streeter, A. and
Chynoweth, J. and Snowsill, T. and Ingram, W. and Ussher, M. and
Aveyard, P. and Murray, R. L. and Harris, T. and Green, C. and
Horrell, J. and Callaghan, L. and Greaves, C. J. and Price, L. and
Cartwright, L. and Wilks, J. and Campbell, S. and Preece, D. and
Creanor, S.},
title = {Motivational Support Intervention to Reduce Smoking and
Increase Physical Activity in Smokers Not Ready to Quit: The {TARS}
{RCT}},
journal = {Health Technol Assess},
volume = {27},
number = {4},
pages = {1-277},
date = {2023},
url = {https://tristansnowsill.co.uk/motivational-support-intervention-to-reduce-smoking.html},
doi = {10.3310/KLTG1447},
langid = {en},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Physical activity can support smoking
cessation for smokers wanting to quit, but there have been no
studies on supporting smokers wanting only to reduce. More broadly,
the effect of motivational support for such smokers is unclear.
OBJECTIVES: The objectives were to determine if motivational support
to increase physical activity and reduce smoking for smokers not
wanting to immediately quit helps reduce smoking and increase
abstinence and physical activity, and to determine if this
intervention is cost-effective. DESIGN: This was a multicentred,
two-arm, parallel-group, randomised (1 : 1) controlled superiority
trial with accompanying trial-based and model-based economic
evaluations, and a process evaluation. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS:
Participants from health and other community settings in four
English cities received either the intervention (n = 457) or usual
support (n = 458). INTERVENTION: The intervention consisted of up to
eight face-to-face or telephone behavioural support sessions to
reduce smoking and increase physical activity. MAIN OUTCOME
MEASURES: The main outcome measures were carbon monoxide-verified 6-
and 12-month floating prolonged abstinence (primary outcome),
self-reported number of cigarettes smoked per day, number of quit
attempts and carbon monoxide-verified abstinence at 3 and 9 months.
Furthermore, self-reported (3 and 9 months) and
accelerometer-recorded (3 months) physical activity data were
gathered. Process items, intervention costs and cost-effectiveness
were also assessed. RESULTS: The average age of the sample was 49.8
years, and participants were predominantly from areas with
socioeconomic deprivation and were moderately heavy smokers. The
intervention was delivered with good fidelity. Few participants
achieved carbon monoxide-verified 6-month prolonged abstinence
{[}nine (2.0\%) in the intervention group and four (0.9\%) in the
control group; adjusted odds ratio 2.30 (95\% confidence interval
0.70 to 7.56){]} or 12-month prolonged abstinence {[}six (1.3\%) in
the intervention group and one (0.2\%) in the control group;
adjusted odds ratio 6.33 (95\% confidence interval 0.76 to
53.10){]}. At 3 months, the intervention participants smoked fewer
cigarettes than the control participants (21.1 vs. 26.8 per day).
Intervention participants were more likely to reduce cigarettes by
\textgreater/= 50\% by 3 months {[}18.9\% vs. 10.5\%; adjusted odds
ratio 1.98 (95\% confidence interval 1.35 to 2.90{]} and 9 months
{[}14.4\% vs. 10.0\%; adjusted odds ratio 1.52 (95\% confidence
interval 1.01 to 2.29){]}, and reported more moderate-to-vigorous
physical activity at 3 months {[}adjusted weekly mean difference of
81.61 minutes (95\% confidence interval 28.75 to 134.47 minutes){]},
but not at 9 months. Increased physical activity did not mediate
intervention effects on smoking. The intervention positively
influenced most smoking and physical activity beliefs, with some
intervention effects mediating changes in smoking and physical
activity outcomes. The average intervention cost was estimated to be
£239.18 per person, with an overall additional cost of £173.50 (95\%
confidence interval - £353.82 to £513.77) when considering
intervention and health-care costs. The 1.1\% absolute between-group
difference in carbon monoxide-verified 6-month prolonged abstinence
provided a small gain in lifetime quality-adjusted life-years
(0.006), and a minimal saving in lifetime health-care costs (net
saving £236). CONCLUSIONS: There was no evidence that behavioural
support for smoking reduction and increased physical activity led to
meaningful increases in prolonged abstinence among smokers with no
immediate plans to quit smoking. The intervention is not
cost-effective. LIMITATIONS: Prolonged abstinence rates were much
lower than expected, meaning that the trial was underpowered to
provide confidence that the intervention doubled prolonged
abstinence. FUTURE WORK: Further research should explore the effects
of the present intervention to support smokers who want to reduce
prior to quitting, and/or extend the support available for prolonged
reduction and abstinence. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial is
registered as ISRCTN47776579. FUNDING: This project was funded by
the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology
Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health
Technology Assessment; Vol. 27, No. 4. See the NIHR Journals Library
website for further project information.}
}